State space search in artificial intelligence involves exploring a set of all possible states and transitions to solve problems. Each state represents a unique configuration of the system, while transitions indicate possible moves between states. The goal is to find a path from an initial state to a desired goal state. Algorithms like Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, and A* are used to navigate this space. State space search is fundamental in AI for solving problems in areas such as pathfinding, puzzle solving, and game playing, enabling systematic exploration of potential solutions and optimal decision-making.